Editor, ZOROASTER WAS THE PERSIAN PROPHET on whose teachings the ancient religion of Zoroastrianism is based.The name by which he is commonly known in the West is from the Greek form of his original name,Zarathushtra, which means "Shining Light.". The Message of the Teacher is mainly concerned with action-right action which will help the Good Spirit and defeat the Evil One. The oldest part of the Zoroastrian scriptures are the Gathas, which are the direct teachings of Zoroaster and his conversations with Ahura Mazda in a series of visions. The story is set in the reign of the founder of the Sasanian Empire, Ardashir I (r. 224-241). Belief in afterlife. It is also possible that both are correct, both led to the. It is a symbol of purity, for fire purifies everything. Ahura Mazd, (Avestan: "Wise Lord") also spelled Ormizd or Ormazd, supreme god in ancient Iranian religion, especially Zoroastrianism, the religious . Ahura Mazda was the creator, a god of light, truth, and goodness. Navjote or Sudreh Pushi is the name of the ceremony during which a Zoroastrian child is formally initiated into the religion. Zoroastrian belief is that each person makes a choice on either extreme (good/evil) on the ethical spectrum. The Chinese referred to Zoroastrianism as the "heaven worshiping religion" pronounced xianjio in Chinese. Zoroastrianism introduced the concepts of: monotheism, duality of Good and Evil, mankind's free choice between the two alternatives, messianic redemption, resurrection, final judgement, heaven (the word Paradise comes from Old Persian), hell and the notion of an almighty, kind, loving and forgiving God. This corresponds to the All Souls Day observed by Christians. This would make Zoroastrianism the oldest of the prophetic religions. Hello world! Magi Asha/Arta of the Old Iranian Religion was known as ______ in the Vedas. According to Zarathushtra, the world is a battleground between the forces of good and evil. Reproduced by courtesy of the University Librarian and Director, The John Rylands Library, The University of ManchesterThis manuscript was copied in July 1789 in Navsari, Gujarat, by a Zoroastrian, Peshotan Jiv Hirji Homji. Zoroastrian ideas of moral dualism, heaven and hell, sacred time, and angelic beings have influenced Judaism and Christianity, during long centuries of contact between these faiths in the Middle East. The Gathas are part of a major section of the Avesta called the Yasna, a term literally meaning "sacrifice," consisting of texts recited by priests during ceremonies. Tauris, 2013. Other major features of Zoroastrianism include: Messianism: A belief in a 'messiah' or saviour who will liberate or save a group of people for eternal salvation. They do not worship fire. This divine spark (known as ones Fravashi or Farohar) is depicted in architecture as a bird with outstretched wings. Yet they are fragmentary because of the destruction of written texts and the persecution of priest-scholars by foreign invaders. Reproduced by courtesy of the University Librarian and Director, The John Rylands Library, The University of ManchesterThe two manuscripts in The Everlasting Flame are copies of a popular Persian version composed in verse in Iran at the end of the 13th century by Zartosht Bahram Pazhdu. From extant unearthed records, the Egyptians were perhaps the first civilized people to conjecture that after death, human beings existed somewhere and somehow. In the Pazand book called 'Dhoop-Sarna', the . It was created by the philosopher Zoroaster, also referred to as Zarathustra, and modeled after the pantheon of early Iranian gods. H. Jamaspji Asa, M. Haug, and E.W. What exists today is only a fraction of the original scriptures, many of which were burned when Alexander destroyed Persepolis, the ceremonial capital of the Persian Empire. The fate of the soul is decided depending upon the life it has led in this world weighed by all the good and bad, thoughts words, and deeds. 05 December 2013 Zoroastrian visions of heaven and hell Three of the most fascinating exhibits in ' The Everlasting Flame: Zoroastrianism in History and Imagination ', on view at the Brunei Gallery SOAS until December 15th, concern the Zoroastrian vision of heaven and hell. A few Zoroastrians can be found in almost all English-speaking countries and even in some non English-speaking countries. The Khordeh Avesta or "Little Avesta" includes invocations with beautiful descriptions of the Yazatas or angelic intelligences. Only the hymns, or Gths, are attributable to Zarathushtra. After Guises death in 1811, his collection was sold. Arda Viraz with the divinities Srosh, Mihr and Rashn, the judge, at the Chinvat bridge, which the souls of the dead must cross. Most believers today live in India and Iran, and their numbers are declining overall. The basic moral principles that guide the life of a Zoroastrian are three: Living these three principles is the way we exercise our freewill by following the law of Asha. If there is such a thing as heaven, what stops Angra Mainyu from corrupting it, just as they have corrupted our world? In India, it is usually performed between the ages of 7 and 11. Existence of heaven and hell: Zoroastrianism . On enquiring how they earned such a reward, Arda Viraf is told that, while living, they killed frogs, scorpions, snakes, ants and other evil creatures (khrastar and hasharat) one of the most meritorious actions a good Zoroastrian could perform. Of course this should not stop you from following the path of Asha, doing good deeds for the sake of good deeds is more favourable than doing deeds for a celestial reward. I hope modern Zoroastrians don't believe this too. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. However, this is not the case. These seven mighty intelligences are also guardians of various kingdoms of nature. Human beings can either choose to follow a path of good, known as asha, or an immoral path of deceit, called druj. Zoroastrianism was one of the first religions to give the afterlife a moral dimension. Anyone who has had a spiritual experience knows that such an experience cannot be described with mere words and that spiritual experiences are much more profound relative to the psychic ones. When he knew that he had heard the voice of God, he set out to preach. In the center of the front neck opening of this shirt, a small symbolic pocket is stitched into which all good deeds are believed to be inserted. Some Zoroastrians believe that the reward or punishment for good or bad deeds is often given in this world itself rather than in the next. Ahura Mazda During the ceremony, the child recites a few simple prayers, receives benedictions from the priest, and declares his or her acceptance of the Zoroastrian religion in the following words (freely translated): I follow the Mazdayasni religion, the religion of Zarathushtra. There is no foundation for reincarnation in The Gathas or in the larger Avesta. Zoroastrians believe in one God, called Ahura Mazda (Meaning: "Wise Lord") also spelled Ormizd or Ormazd. And though, as necessarily, thoughts come first, as the roots of all action, still Good Deeds constitute the chief qualification in treading the Path of Asha. Over time, Zoroastrianism became the state religion of the mighty Persian empire which at one time extended from Africa to China, from the Danube River in Europe to the plains of Judea in the Middle East, and up to Punjab and Sindh in India. Many copies of this popular story survive in both prose and verse, with versions in Persian, Gujarati, Sanskrit and even Arabic (Kargar, p.29). British Library SV 400, vol. Who cultivates corn cultivates righteousness.. Originally, the Persians were . The whole Teaching has been compressed into three commandments-Humata, Hukhta, Huvarshta (Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds). But behind or beyond Ahura Mazda is Zarvan Akarana, Boundless Time and Boundless Space, the unmanifested absolute from which the manifested Logos, Ahura Mazda, came forth. In one his first sermons he preached: Ye who seek knowledge, please listen carefully to what I say, and perceive the truth in the light of reason, because it is possible for each man to have a separate creed., He also taught that one should be liberal in thinking and to respect all that is good, true and beautiful: We reserve and love all good thoughts, words and deeds that may have been presented here or elsewhere, now or at any future period, because we are on the side of goodness.. When he invaded Babylon, he set the Jewish captives free to return to their country, Judea, and even provided them with resources to rebuild the Temple of Solomon, which had been razed by the Babylonians. Angra Mainyu, the Destructive Spirit, violates Asha. The law of Asha is the principle of righteousness or "rightness" by which all things are exactly what they should be. Her crime was to disobey her husband and argue with him.Rylands Persian MS 41. ff 47v-48r. After conquering Babylon in 538 B.C., he freed the captive Jews and allowed them to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple. (based substantially on an article written by Fali S. Chothia). I do not know how much you know about this religion, but it was founded by someone called Zoroaster or Zarathushtra who was born around 1200 BC and has a holy text called the "avesta.". These threads symbolize the 72 chapters of the scriptures, called the Yasna, which include the Gathas. The second copy on display (John Rylands Persian MS 41) contains 60 illustrations which vividly depict the rewards and punishments awarded after death. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. For that reason, traditionally, neither burial nor cremation were practiced by Zoroastrians. Humata, "Good Thoughts," the intention or moral resolution to abide by Asha, the right order of things. Today, the Zoroastrian community in Iran is doing well and has an unusually high number of successful people. Ouseley, The Oriental Collections. Personal salvation is attained through making the right choice. This missionary activity shows that Zoroastrianism was really a universal religion and not an ethnic religion, limited to one people. It is associated with the element of earth. This reflects the period of death for all of us. Having left the body the soul would remain on earth for a three days and nights, hovering near the body. A free translation of that prayer called Ashem Vohu is: Truth is the greatest virtue. The stories of Mi'raj in the ancient religions begin with Zoroastrianism. Spenta Armaiti, Holy or Bountiful Devotion, theologically is the attitude of piety and devotion; ethically, it is the attitude of benevolence. Zoroastrianism survives today in isolated areas of the Middle East, primarily Iran, but more prosperously in India, where . Moreover, there is only one reference in all the oldest forms of the Avestan writings to the glories of a later life, and this reference doesn't say anything about a future day . Many other scholars place Zoroaster's birth between 1500 and 1200 B.C. How does the Zoroastrian believe in the afterlife? Those who chose good over evil go to what Zarathushtra referred to simply as the "best existence," or heaven, and those who chose evil go to the "worst existence," or hell. Their spiritual essence is present in material manifestation but the "Spirit" itself is beyond the physical. In the Gathas, which are a record of the prophets conversations with Ahura Mazda, Zarathushtra asks What is the way of furthering the Mazdayasni religion? and Ahura Mazda replies Incessant cultivation of corn, O Spitama Zarathushtra. Zoroastrianism is ascribed to the teachings of Zoroaster, an Iranian prophet, who worshiped Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord), as its Supreme Being. There is some controversy about the time when Zarathushtra lived. 8. The hell is a place of chaos. The revelations of Arda Viraz (righteous Viraz), or Viraf, as his name has been transcribed in Persian, were written in Pahlavi (pre-Islamic Persian) during the early Islamic period, and reflect a time of religious instability. Asha Vahishta is the order of the cosmos, the ideal form of the universe. Ahura Mazda is depicted in the Zoroastrian scriptures as a kind of trinity: "Praise to thee, Ahura Mazda, threefold before other creations." The most notable of these aspects are the notions of dualism: 1. So the Zoroastrian scriptures are in several languages and their composition spans vast periods of time. The first and second grades of fire can only be tended by Mobeds, whereas the last can be tended even by laymen. Evil souls are consigned to a hell called Achista Ahu, the Worst Existence. No Zoroastrian ritual or ceremony is performed without the presence of a sacred fire. Zoroastrianism places great emphasis on purity and not defiling any of the elements of Ahura Mazda'screation. These fires represent the light of God (Ahura Mazda) as well as the illuminated mind, and are never extinguished. 585 -529 B.C.). He also protects the good from the evil and maintains order by keeping the chaotic evil at bay. Just as the One Wise Lord is part of a trinity including also the twin spirits of bountiful increase and of destructive opposition, so too is he one of the sevenfold intelligences. According to Zarathushtra the forces of good will ultimately prevail over the forces of evil, and the purpose of life is to help this process. I am however confused by something. conquered Persia, plundered the treasury, and burned the libraries in Persepolis. to 330 B.C.) Abuse of spouses and children, neglecting animals and being lazy are also sins within Zoroastrianism. The dualistic paradigm is amply reflected in the spiritual world, for the righteous soul glides into the "House of Song," while the wicked soul falls into the abyss of hell, "House of Deceit.". In the oldest Zoroastrian scriptures, heaven and hell are not places, but states of mind that result from right or wrong choices. Answer (1 of 2): The word "magic" itself used in English is a Persian loanword and derives from the Zoroastrian Magi. The Parsis are also the pioneers of the textile and shipbuilding industries in India. In the oldest Zoroastrian scriptures, heaven and hell are not places, but states of mind that result from right or wrong choices. I believe all things good come from Ahura Mazda. There is an eternal life that follows after death, so when a person dies their soul moves on to another world. Tian is not a different God, the name "Shangdi" was conflated with Heaven or 'Tian' - this is because Shangdi resides in Tian. Ahuramazda is the supreme, omniscient, and omnipotent God, who symbolizes truth, radiance, purity, order, justice, courage, strength, and patience. Nariman, are among those who made a very significant contribution to the struggle for independence. The orientalist William Ouseley reproduced the illustration of the disobedient wife in his Oriental Collections published in 1798. Darius was not only a skilled warrior, but he was also a very able administrator and a great builder. The Zoroastrian faith teaches that the earth, one of the seven holy creations, belongs to the ama spnta Spnt rmait "Bounteous Devotion." Death being regarded as an evil brought about by Ara Mainyu (), the Destructive Spirit, the corpse of a holy creature, particularly man or dog, is considered to be greatly infested by the druj Nasu, the . Fargard 13.9 even declares that a soul cannot pass the Chinvat Bridge and go to heaven without passing the "dog" who guards the Gates of Heaven! By way of introduction it may be stated that in Zoroaster's philosophical teachings the warring kingdoms of good and evil, light and darkness, right and wrong, personified respectively as Ormazd and Ahriman, or the ancient Persian God and Devil, are represented as in perpetual conflict. When a person dies they will go to Heaven or Hell depending on their deeds during their lifetime. The Romans established Mithraic temples throughout the western part of their empire, many of which are still standing today. This is the second major exodus in Zoroastrian history. London: Printed by Cooper and Graham, 1797-1800.U. in Sociology and Anthropology. These immigrants to India became known as the Parsis (that is, "those from the Persian province of Pars"). Religion After the Fall of the Sassanians, Zarthustras Essential Teachings Part One, Zarthustras Essential Teachings Part Two, Explanation of the Khordeh-Avesta by Behramgore Tehmuras Anklesaria, Migration Stories of Zoroastrian South Asian Americans Project :The FEZANA Talks #27, Hoshedar Deboo: In Conversation on the Wings Podcast, Steel Man of India Dr Jamshed J Irani: An ardent lover of sports who promoted games and players in Jamshedpur, Get To Know Parshan Khosravi: Young Zarthushti Leader Running for Laguna Hills City Council, COOKING FOR A CAUSE Support the courageous women & people of Iran. I love and accept the good and true Mazdayasni religion which stops all quarrels and wars, teaches us to die for others, and leads us to Asha, the truth of God. The Gathas were written in a language that was Pre-Avestan. The Persians had to withdraw from that battle. Zoroastrian texts describer heaven as a place of pure joy and happiness inundated with the light of God and hell as a cold and dark place where the evil spirits subject the sinners to gruesome punishments. Today, Zoroastrians do not proselytize, and consequently Zoroastrians are born to the faith. The Achaemenians were on the Plain of Marathon, and their ships were to sneak towards Athens and surprise the city. With Ahura Mazda, we are co-creators of the ideal world. The priests who spread and changed Zoroastrianism during the Achaemenid Dynasty were the ________. But they were able to be brought back before their dead bodies had reached the point of permanent, irreversible cellular damage. Asha Vahishta, Highest Truth. Ahura Mazda is: Omniscient (knows everything) Omnipotent. What does fire symbolize in Zoroastrian worship? It was the religion of Cyrus, Darius, Hystaspis, and Xerxes, and of the Wise Men from the East who came to worship the new-born Messiah at Bethlehem. Like "Spirit", the Soul is the purely immortal, immaterial and divine principle which resides in the heart of man. I'm happy to say that killing frogs and ants is not an issue among Zoroastrians today! During this period, prayers are said and rituals performed to assure a safe passage of the soul into the spiritual realm. Zoroastrians believe in one God, called Ahura Mazda (meaning 'Wise Lord'). Where Heaven is the kingdom of Ahura Mazda and Hell is the kingdom of the evil god Angra Mainyu. In them an eternal flame is kept burning with sandalwood and frankincense. Hukhata, "Good Words," the communication of that intention. In 1882, he was successful in persuading the Islamic Qajar King to abolish the burden of the Jizya tax. The conscience comes in the form of a beautiful maiden to greet the soul, if it is potentially good, or the conscience comes in the form of an old and ugly hag if the soul is judged to be potentially wicked. Haurvatat, Wholeness, is the state of perfection, complete well-being, spiritual and physical integrity. Havarashta, "Good Deeds," the realization in action of that intention. Special discounted paperback edition available only from the SOAS bookshopArticles: Ard Wrz by Ph. Jews taken to Babylon in exile who did not return to Jerusalem would have been exposed to Zoroastrian laymen. Instead, dead bodies were taken to a Tower of Silence and laid out under the sun, where vultures devoured them. In Zoroastrian scriptures, Ahura Mazda is described as "full of luster, full of glory," and hence his luminous creationsfire, sun, stars, and lightare regarded as visible tokens of the divine and of the inner light. When the Parsis fled from Iran and settled in India, fire was again brought down from heaven by lightning to create the sacred symbol of Ahura Mazda. Zoroastrianism developed between 1500 and 1000 CE in ancient Persia based on the scriptures of the prophet Zoroaster and became popular during the Achaemenid Dynasty. On the other hand, in Zoroastrianism, we have heaven, or the light and goodness above, which is the kingdom of Ahura Mazda. The Parsis prospered in Gujerat and later on began to move out to other parts of India. Angra Mainyu is the originator of death and all that is evil in the world. There is a divine spark or essence in each of us. In fact, many aspects of Islam that many people think typify Islam have their roots in Zoroastrianism. It centers on the words of the prophet Zarathushtra, called Zoroaster by the ancient Greeks, and focuses worship upon Ahura Mazda, the Lord of Wisdom. Mazdayasna [the correct name] or Zoroastrianism [a name derived from its famous prophet Zoroaster], is both a religion and a mystic system. To seek a message from Ahura Mazda (God), he withdrew himself from the material world at an early age and spent several years in solitude. He is believed to be the first emperor in history to divide his empire into a number of provinces, each ruled over by a governor, a general, and a secretary of state, each of whom was appointed directly from the capital and was independent of the others. A High Priest was established, who was next to the King in authority. After the trinity of Ahura Mazda and the twin spirits that emanated from him is a sevenfold expression of the divine reality. The first time a Zoroastrian wears the sudreh and kusti is when he or she is formally inducted into the faith, usually between the ages of 7 and 11. A faith in which they only worship one god, the Ahura Mazda, the "God of Goodness" and the five elements of water, fire, soil, wind and the sun. In the poetic gathas and Zoroastrian religious poetry God is again and again equated to the natural law and reason. They do. From this great teacher came down a line of prophets, who superintended the early development of the Iranian peoples and all of whom bore the name Zoroaster. These seven are called the Amesha Spentas or Holy or Bountiful Immortals, the Highest Intelligences. There are people today and have been those in the past who have been permitted to set eyes on these ancient writings. The heaven [7] However, in the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox, it is only God who has the final say on who enters heaven. As they have the power of choice, they have also the personal responsibility of choosing well. While heaven is seen as a good place, it is not perfect, due to its non-material nature.30 True perfection and bliss come only with the rejoining of the spiritual with the physical. At the present time, there is great controversy about this practice. 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