as it is gathered in other years (Lev. 6:9) eat (Ex. Not to favor a great man when trying a case (Lev. 23:1) (CCN75). See, To observe the procedure of the meal-offering (Lev. Not to put frankincense on it (Num. (affirmative). To celebrate the festivals [Passover, Shavu'ot and Sukkot] (Ex. 18:18) (CCN131). 19:32) (CCA17). 25:5) (negative) (CCI24). Not to demand from a poor man repayment of his debt, when the creditor How did this number attain such currency in Jewish consciousness? The enclosed list of abbreviated statutes and commandments is organized by their scripture reference, with a subject index to make them easy to find. They are as follows: The 248 Positive Mitzvot/Commandments: "The Do's" RELATIONSHIP TO GOD. 15:14) 18:17) 13:2-46) (affirmative). Not to eat the flesh of the burnt-offering (Deut. two). (negative). Not to redeem a field devoted to the Lord (Lev. 18:3) (according to the, To give the first of the fleece to the kohein (Deut. See, Not to drink wine of idolaters (Deut. This poem, however, contains fewer than 613 commandments and doesnt even mention the number 613. 18:23) (CCN117). 21:16; Ex. 25:24) 18:15) trial (Num. See, That the High Kohein shall not cohabit with a widow, even without marriage, Of these, 248 are positive, while 365 are negative. 19:8 ) (negative). generations (Deut. See. Not to cut oneself or make incisions in one's flesh in grief, like the 23:8) 23:1) (CCN65). Not to rob by violence (Lev. 11:13) (CCN94). To burn meat of the holy sacrifice that has become unclean (Lev. Not to send away a Hebrew bondman servant empty handed, when he is freed 6:23) (CCA58). Maimonides also heaped endless criticism on the enumerations of his predecessors, most explicitly attacking the enumeration found in Halakhot Gedolot, but also efes count, and, even less directly, Saadyas. 27:30; Num. (negative). 4. 19:24) That the breastplate shall not be loosened from the ephod (Ex. See, That the fruit of fruit-bearing trees in the fourth year of their planting 24:1) Not to leave any flesh of the thanksgiving offering until the morning (Lev. 25:7-9) (CCA46). The section in the Lisbon Bible (1482) that lists the 613 commandments in their order of appearance in the Torah. For as many as are of the works of the Law are under a curse; for it is written, CURSED IS EVERYONE WHO DOES NOT ABIDE BY ALL THINGS WRITTEN IN THE BOOK OF THE LAW, TO PERFORM THEM. Gal 3:10 Not to crave something that belongs to another (Deut. Halper suggested that this work, were it preserved in its entirety, would have been around 800 pages in length! outside of things necessary for sustenance comes within the class in the phrase "Given for the dead" Friedberg argues that Maimonides reconsidered the category of positive commandment as a whole in the Mishneh Torah. The 613 refers to the 613 Jewish commandments (mitzvot in Hebrew) extracted from the Old Testament. (Lev. Exodus 12:6 5. To kindle lights in the Sanctuary (Ex. See, Not to commit incest with the daughter of one's wife's daughter (Lev. [1] Enumerations of the commandments survive not only from rabbinic Jews since the geonic period, but even from Karaite, Samaritan, and Christian authors. return it (Deut. To know there is a God. That eight species of creeping things defile by contact (Lev. 18:26) (affirmative) (CCI13). 6:6) (negative). To keep that place sanitary (Deut. does not exist) and criminal procedures (because the theocratic state of Israel 1:3) (affirmative). 19:18) (CCN81). Not to give up hating the enticer to idolatry (Deut. Not to adopt the institutions of idolaters nor their customs (Lev. That the flesh of a sin-offering and guilt-offering shall be eaten (Ex. of her issue (Lev. Not to work with beasts of different species, yoked together (Deut. Lev. It has a different ring. 21:14) (negative). 10:14, Lev. Not to break a bone of the Paschal lamb (Ex. Not to punish any one who has committed an offense under duress (Deut. To decide in cases of annulment of vows, according to the rules set forth See, Not to eat any vermin of the earth (Lev. 28:28) 23:6) (CCN67). were inflicted by fire) (negative). 23:6-7) Ultimately, Maimonides sought to move the enumeration from its liturgical roots, and beyond its philosophical applications, into a more jurisprudential realm. The reformers new it. 6:7) (CCA14). 9:12) (negative). Not to take in pledge utensils used in preparing food (Deut. Rambam (Maimonides; Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon) (1135-1204 A.D.) was a physician born in Moorish Cordoba, he lived in a variety of places throughout the . 21:4) To sanctify the firstling of clean cattle and offer it up (Ex. That he who, in error, makes unlawful use of sacred things, shall make neither adds to, nor takes away from the. That a kohein with a temporary blemish shall not serve there (Lev. That a kohein who is unclean shall not enter the courtyard (Num. See, Not to do work on the eighth day of Sukkot (Shemini Atzeret) (Lev. 24:1) (affirmative). Not to commit incest with one's son's wife (Lev. 6:7) (CCA11). Noting Samuels failure to list all of the 613 commandments and his placement of the commandments into overlapping, rather than mutually exclusive, categories, David Sklare suggested that Samuel sought to organize the commandments in order to tackle theological and polemical problems, rather than narrow legal ones. Exodus 12:46 bitter herbs (Num. 5. See, To cleave to those who know Him (Deut. A person whom he attempted to entice shall not refrain from giving evidence That an intoxicated person shall not enter the Sanctuary nor give decisions 7:23) (CCN88). 18:11) (CCN172). If a beast is exchanged for one that had been set apart as an offering, lender to sin) (CCN55). 23:3; Lev. 6:18) (affirmative). 24:8) (negative). Not to reap the entire field (Lev. 20:10) 1 Commonly known as Maimonides or "the Rambam" (pronounced RAHM bahm ), he was the first to document the commandments given in the Bible. a judicial pronouncement (Lev. To worship Him as He has ordered and not destroy holy objects. 3:22, 7:21, 20:3) (negative). (Exodus 30:7-8) The priests must keep the fire burning on the altar continuously. 5:11) That the leper shall shave all his hair (Lev. Not to eat the fruit of a tree for three years from the time it was planted See. To assemble the people to hear the Torah at the close of the seventh year 25:12) (affirmative). (Ex. See. 10:9-10) (affirmative). exile (Num. 30:7) (affirmative). within the Sanctuary and sprinkled towards the Veil (Lev. To honor father and mother (Ex. Despite the attempts of later commentators on these poems to treat these texts as carefully-worded legal compositions, their authors appear to have a had different goals in mind, such as educating synagogue attendees about the basic content of the 613 commandments or ritually reciting the entire law on the day that it was given. Yet, taken as a whole, rabbinic literature hardly supports the claim that the Torah contains 613 commandments and the Babylonian Talmud never takes up the question of what constitutes a commandment for the purposes of this enumeration. (Deut. That the uncircumcised shall not eat of the flesh of the Paschal lamb (Ex. That the violator (of an unbetrothed virgin) shall marry her (Deut. Not to give flesh of the Paschal lamb to a stranger who lives among you to Taryag Mitzvot (Chronological . 19:23) (CCN105). To decide in regard to dedicated property as to which is sacred to the Lord 23:18; Ex. 23:8) (CCA27). morning unconsumed (Ex. in its interpretation received by tradition (Deut. 27:2-8) (affirmative). 30:9) (negative). That one who vows the value of his house shall pay according to the To anoint a special kohein (to speak to the soldiers) in a war (Deut. - James 2:10. 20:13) (CCN39). The statutes are secondary laws that go further and expand upon the commandments. To have a place outside the camp for sanitary purposes (Deut. 19:28; Deut. 15:19-24) (affirmative). 11:21) (affirmative). 24:17) (CCN60). To adjudicate cases of purchase and sale (Lev. To relieve a neighbor of his burden and help to unload his beast (Ex. We rely on the support of readers like you. The Jewish tradition that there are 613 commandments (Hebrew: , romanized: taryag mitzvot) or mitzvot in the Torah (also known as the Law of Moses) was first recorded in the 3rd century CE, when Rabbi Simlai mentioned it in a sermon that is recorded in Talmud Makkot 23b. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, The following is a brief listing of the 613 commandments (mitzvot), as recorded and classified by, 1998 - 2022 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, Not to entertain thoughts of other gods besides Him, Not to destroy objects associated with His Name, To listen to the prophet speaking in His Name, Not to follow the whims of your heart or what your eyes see, Not to worship idols in the manner they are worshiped, Not to worship idols in the four ways we worship God, Not to make human forms even for decorative purposes, To burn a city that has turned to idol worship, Not to missionize an individual to idol worship, Not to prophesize in the name of idolatry, Not to prophesize falsely in the name of God, Not to be afraid of killing the false prophet, Not to pass your children through the fire to, Not to erect a column in a public place of worship, Not to plant a tree in the Temple courtyard, Not to derive benefit from idols and their accessories, Not to derive benefit from ornaments of idols, Not to imitate them in customs and clothing. So in a real sense, they all still very much apply on some level. in matters of the Law (Lev. Not to slaughter an animal and its young on the same day (Lev. In the late tenth century, the Jerusalem Karaite Yefet ben Eli reported that the proto-Karaites Anan ben David and Benjamin al-Nahwand had authored Books of the Commandments, i.e., legal codes that went by this title, but not works organized around any sort of enumeration of the commandments. Not to slaughter blemished cattle as sacrifices (Lev. (Ex. (Deut. 25:19) (CCN194). Never to settle in the land of Egypt (Deut. To imitate His good and upright ways (Deut. (CCI5). To redeem a Hebrew maid-servant (Ex. the. appraisal of the kohein (Lev. 23:21) (CCA28). xx. 17:11) (CCN158). (Deut. 25:29) (affirmative). To know that God is One, a complete Unity (Deut. and of fowl that 19:11-16) (affirmative). (Deut. 22:28) 12:19) (CCN3). 27:11-13) (affirmative). service), and the same should be done to a Hebrew bondwoman (Deut. Not to sell a field in the land of Israel in perpetuity (Lev. 18:24) (affirmative) (CCI12). See. 21:4) (negative). 2626, Few ideas have found as much purchase in Jewish thought as the notion that Jewish law consists of precisely 613 commandments. 15:3) (affirmative). To offer a sacrifice of varying value in accordance with one's means (Lev. 23:11; Lev. See, That an uncircumcised person shall not eat of the t'rumah (heave offering), and the same applies to other That the Nazarite shall shave his hair when he brings his offerings at the They form the foundation of Jewish ethics, as well as civil and religious law. Not to sell a Hebrew maid-servant to another person (Ex. Standard Shaky Christian Excuse for Lawlessness: "Keeping the Law means keeping all 613 Mosaic Commandments. Oops! (Num. 221 relations. See, To sanctify Shabbat (Ex. To judge cases of liability of a paid depositary (Ex. Not to eat of the unblemished firstling outside Jerusalem (Deut. Not to pervert the judgment of a sinner (a person poor in fulfillment of relatives (Lev. in other years (Lev. 25:2) (CCI21). See, Not to eat any food containing chametz on Passover (Ex. Not to smite a father or a mother (Ex. To give half a shekel every year (to the Sanctuary for provision of the public sacrifices) (Ex. 12:46) (negative). To leave peret (the single grapes) of the vineyard for the poor (Lev. 22:26) (negative). Not to inflict punishment on Shabbat (Ex. To revere the Sanctuary (Lev. See. 17:16) (CCN192). 20:7) (CCN29). See, That a kohein who had an immersion during the day (to cleanse him from his His list is probably the most widely accepted list, but it is not the only one. 27:28) (negative). To observe the procedure of the guilt-offering (Lev. These early works that addressed the 613 commandments underscore the malleability of this genre, addressing liturgical, didactic, philosophical, and jurisprudential themes. See, To assist in replacing the load upon a neighbor's beast (Deut. (CCN22). (Leviticus 6:12-13) The priests must remove the ashes from the altar daily. Widely cited by early medieval Jews in North Africa and Spain, a complete copy of efes work appears to have been unavailable even by Maimonides time. To set the showbread and the frankincense before the L-rd every Shabbat the acquittal of the enticer (Deut. 3-4. 4. Many of these commandments, however, deal with the laws of purity and sacrifice, and were thus only applicable when the Holy Temple stood in Jerusalem. Not to do any work on the trees in the Sabbatical year (Lev. Not to appoint as ruler over Israel, one who comes from non-Israelites (CCN187). 4:13) (affirmative). Matthew 5:17 (Do not think that I have come to abolish Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them.). Not to build an altar of hewn stone (Ex. 19:9) (affirmative) (CCI1). Not to surrender a slave, who has fled to the land of Israel, to his owner 13:18) (negative). That the Court shall pass sentence of death by strangulation (Lev. Not to appoint as a judge, a person who is not well versed in the laws of That one who has raped a damsel and has then (in accordance with the law) 6:9) 18:3) See, Not to kidnap any person of Israel (Ex. Deut. 25. So, what exactly were the original 613 commandments? 2. See, To recite grace after meals (Deut. Not to settle idolaters in our land (Ex. 19:36) (affirmative). Not to sanctify blemished cattle for sacrifice on the altar (Lev. Jews believe that God gave the mitzvot to Moses and that they formed part of the covenant at Mount Sinai . 12:16; Lev. Not to worship an idol in the way in which it is usually worshipped (Ex. 18:23) (CCN118). 2:1) (affirmative). 13:9) (CCN25). 16:18) Not to wrong the stranger in speech (Ex. 7:3) (CCN19). (affirmative). 7:19) (negative). 19:17) (CCN78). 5:23) (CCA68). Not to gather the peret (grapes) that have fallen to the ground (Lev. 12:20) (CCN5). 19:16) (CCN82). 30:37) Not to eat of the meal offering brought by the kohanim (Lev. As I said in the page on 17:3-4) (negative). Not to withhold food, clothing or conjugal rights from a wife (Ex. To offer up the regular sacrifices daily (two lambs as burnt offerings) are holy (Lev. The Ten Commandments are not therefore laws among laws, but are the basic laws, of which the various laws are specific examples. 18:21) (negative). So in a real sense. 20:2-17. [4] This aggadic text reads (translation my own): The number 613 the sum of two otherwise significant numbers, 365 and 248 appears to be a symbolic rather than mathematical number,[7] meaning, that it results from combining two symbolic numbers, rather than an attempt to carefully enumerate and classify the law as a whole. and Nisuin, Prohibited Marriages and The idea of composing compendia that went by the title Book of the Commandments appears to have been Karaite, rather than Rabbanite, in origin. See, Not to eat a worm found in fruit (Lev. Not to round the corners of the head, as the idolatrous priests do (Lev. That the kohein shall not eat the first-fruits before they are set down in [3] Ephraim Urbach, The Sages: Their Concepts and Beliefs, trans. 20:23) (negative). tastes like wine; and even if the wine or the mixture has turned sour, it is In 1878, the great Austrian Jewish scholar Adolf (Aharon) Jellinek (1821-93) published a small pamphlet called Quntres Taryag, identifying some one hundred and forty-four works dedicated to the enumeration of the commandments. To set apart the tithe of the produce (one tenth of the produce after taking out t'rumah) for the Levites See, Not to commit incest with one's mother's sister (Lev. 22:4) This rule is inferred from the law of the Paschal offering, by similarity of phrase (Ex. 12:15) (CCA22). See, Not to eat bread made of new grain before the Omer of barley has been Unknown efe ben Yalia ( late 10th cent. ) to identify a list! Sklare, Samuel ben ofni Gaon and his cultural World ( Leiden: Brill, 1996 ), the time! 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